Urban waterbodies are exposed via dry deposition, mobilisation, wash-off from impermeable surfaces and, to a lesser degree, permeable surfaces following rainfall and snowmelt events.
The EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive focuses on point sources discharging to and from wastewater treatment plants, but more attention should be paid to other sources, such as urban stormwater runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and unplanned discharges.
This requires a better insight in urban stormwater pollution concentrations and volumes. Data collection via smart modelling and online sensors can contribute strongly to an improved insight.
